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The Buddha's words Sabbāsavasutta MN 2 https://suttacentral.net/mn2 Practicing Meditation THUS HAVE I HEARD. On one occasion the Blessed One was living at Sāvatthī in Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s Park. There he addressed the bhikkhus thus: “Bhikkhus.”—“Venerable sir,” they replied. The Blessed One said this: “Bhikkhus, I shall teach you a discourse on the restraint of all the taints. Listen and attend closely to what I shall say.”—“Yes, venerable sir,” the bhikkhus replied. The Blessed One said this: Summary “Bhikkhus, I say that the destruction of the taints is for one who knows and sees, not for one who does not know and see. Who knows and sees what? Wise attention and unwise attention. When one attends unwisely, unarisen taints arise and arisen taints increase. When one attends wisely, unarisen taints do not arise and arisen taints are abandoned. “Bhikkhus, there are taints that should be abandoned by seeing. There are taints that should be abandoned by restraining. There are taints that should be abandoned by using. There are taints that should be abandoned by enduring. There are taints that should be abandoned by avoiding. There are taints that should be abandoned by removing. There are taints that should be abandoned by developing. Taints to be Abandoned by Seeing “What taints, bhikkhus, should be abandoned by seeing? Here, bhikkhus, an untaught ordinary person, who has no regard for noble ones and is unskilled and undisciplined in their Dhamma, who has no regard for true men and is unskilled and undisciplined in their Dhamma, does not understand what things are fit for attention and what things are unfit for attention. Since that is so, he attends to those things unfit for attention and he does not attend to those things fit for attention. “What are the things unfit for attention that he attends to? They are things such that when he attends to them, the unarisen taint of sensual desire arises in him and the arisen taint of sensual desire increases, the unarisen taint of being arises in him and the arisen taint of being increases, the unarisen taint of ignorance arises in him and the arisen taint of ignorance increases. These are the things unfit for attention that he attends to. And what are the things fit for attention that he does not attend to? They are things such that when he attends to them, the unarisen taint of sensual desire does not arise in him and the arisen taint of sensual desire is abandoned, the unarisen taint of being does not arise in him and the arisen taint of being is abandoned, the unarisen taint of ignorance does not arise in him and the arisen taint of ignorance is abandoned. These are the things fit for attention that he does not attend to. By attending to things unfit for attention and by not attending to things fit for attention, both unarisen taints arise in him and arisen taints increase. “This is how he attends unwisely: ‘Was I in the past? Was I not in the past? What was I in the past? How was I in the past? Having been what, what did I become in the past? Shall I be in the future? Shall I not be in the future? What shall I be in the future? How shall I be in the future? Having been what, what shall I become in the future?’ Or else he is inwardly perplexed about the present thus: ‘Am I? Am I not? What am I? How am I? Where has this being come from? Where will it go?’ “When he attends unwisely in this way, one of six views arises in him. The view ‘self exists for me’ arises in him as true and established; or the view ‘no self exists for me’ arises in him as true and established; or the view ‘I perceive self with self’ arises in him as true and established; or the view ‘I perceive not-self with self’ arises in him as true and established; or the view ‘I perceive self with not-self’ arises in him as true and established; or else he has some such view as this: ‘It is this self of mine that speaks and feels and experiences here and there the result of good and bad actions; but this self of mine is permanent, everlasting, eternal, not subject to change, and it will endure as long as eternity.’ This speculative view, bhikkhus, is called the thicket of views, the wilderness of views, the contortion of views, the vacillation of views, the fetter of views. Fettered by the fetter of views, the untaught ordinary person is not freed from birth, ageing, and death, from sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair; he is not freed from suffering, I say. “Bhikkhus, a well-taught noble disciple, who has regard for noble ones and is skilled and disciplined in their Dhamma, who has regard for true men and is skilled and disciplined in their Dhamma, understands what things are fit for attention and what things are unfit for attention. Since that is so, he does not attend to those things unfit for attention and he attends to those things fit for attention. “What are the things unfit for attention that he does not attend to? They are things such that when he attends to them, the unarisen taint of sensual desire arises in him…as §6…and the arisen taint of ignorance increases. These are the things unfit for attention that he does not attend to. And what are the things fit for attention that he attends to? They are things such that when he attends to them, the unarisen taint of sensual desire does not arise in him…as §6…and the arisen taint of ignorance is abandoned. These are the things fit for attention that he attends to. By not attending to things unfit for attention and by attending to things fit for attention, unarisen taints do not arise in him and arisen taints are abandoned. “He attends wisely: ‘This is suffering’; he attends wisely: ‘This is the origin of suffering’; he attends wisely: ‘This is the cessation of suffering’; he attends wisely: ‘This is the way leading to the cessation of suffering.’ When he attends wisely in this way, three fetters are abandoned in him: personality view, doubt, and adherence to rules and observances. These are called the taints that should be abandoned by seeing. Taints to be Abandoned by Restraining “What taints, bhikkhus, should be abandoned by restraining? Here a bhikkhu, reflecting wisely, abides with the eye faculty restrained. While taints, vexation, and fever might arise in one who abides with the eye faculty unrestrained, there are no taints, vexation, or fever in one who abides with the eye faculty restrained. Reflecting wisely, he abides with the ear faculty restrained…with the nose faculty restrained…with the tongue faculty restrained…with the body faculty restrained…with the mind faculty restrained…While taints, vexation, and fever might arise in one who abides with the faculties unrestrained, there are no taints, vexation, or fever in one who abides with the faculties restrained. These are called the taints that should be abandoned by restraining. Taints to be Abandoned by Using “What taints, bhikkhus, should be abandoned by using? Here a bhikkhu, reflecting wisely, uses the robe only for protection from cold, for protection from heat, for protection from contact with gadflies, mosquitoes, wind, the sun, and creeping things, and only for the purpose of concealing the private parts. “Reflecting wisely, he uses almsfood neither for amusement nor for intoxication nor for the sake of physical beauty and attractiveness, but only for the endurance and continuance of this body, for ending discomfort, and for assisting the holy life, considering: ‘Thus I shall terminate old feelings without arousing new feelings and I shall be healthy and blameless and shall live in comfort.’ “Reflecting wisely, he uses the resting place only for protection from cold, for protection from heat, for protection from contact with gadflies, mosquitoes, wind, the sun, and creeping things, and only for the purpose of warding off the perils of climate and for enjoying retreat. “Reflecting wisely, he uses the medicinal requisites only for protection from arisen afflicting feelings and for the benefit of good health. “While taints, vexation, and fever might arise in one who does not use the requisites thus, there are no taints, vexation, or fever in one who uses them thus. These are called the taints that should be abandoned by using. Taints to be Abandoned by Enduring “What taints, bhikkhus, should be abandoned by enduring? Here a bhikkhu, reflecting wisely, bears cold and heat, hunger and thirst, and contact with gadflies, mosquitoes, wind, the sun, and creeping things; he endures ill-spoken, unwelcome words and arisen bodily feelings that are painful, racking, sharp, piercing, disagreeable, distressing, and menacing to life. While taints, vexation, and fever might arise in one who does not endure such things, there are no taints, vexation, or fever in one who endures them. These are called the taints that should be abandoned by enduring. Taints to be Abandoned by Avoiding “What taints, bhikkhus, should be abandoned by avoiding? Here a bhikkhu, reflecting wisely, avoids a wild elephant, a wild horse, a wild bull, a wild dog, a snake, a stump, a bramble patch, a chasm, a cliff, a cesspit, a sewer. Reflecting wisely, he avoids sitting on unsuitable seats, wandering to unsuitable resorts, and associating with bad friends, since if he were to do so wise companions in the holy life might suspect him of evil conduct. While taints, vexation, and fever might arise in one who does not avoid these things, there are no taints, vexation, and fever in one who avoids them. These are called the taints that should be abandoned by avoiding. Taints to be Abandoned by Removing “What taints, bhikkhus, should be abandoned by removing? Here a bhikkhu, reflecting wisely, does not tolerate an arisen thought of sensual desire; he abandons it, removes it, does away with it, and annihilates it. He does not tolerate an arisen thought of ill will…He does not tolerate an arisen thought of cruelty…He does not tolerate arisen evil unwholesome states; he abandons them, removes them, does away with them, and annihilates them. While taints, vexation, and fever might arise in one who does not remove these thoughts, there are no taints, vexation, or fever in one who removes them. These are called the taints that should be abandoned by removing. Taints to be Abandoned by Developing “What taints, bhikkhus, should be abandoned by developing? Here a bhikkhu, reflecting wisely, develops the mindfulness enlightenment factor, which is supported by seclusion, dispassion, and cessation, and ripens in relinquishment. He develops the investigation-of-states enlightenment factor…the energy enlightenment factor…the rapture enlightenment factor…the tranquillity enlightenment factor…the concentration enlightenment factor…the equanimity enlightenment factor, which is supported by seclusion, dispassion, and cessation, and ripens in relinquishment. While taints, vexation, and fever might arise in one who does not develop these enlightenment factors, there are no taints, vexation, or fever in one who develops them. These are called the taints that should be abandoned by developing. Conclusion “Bhikkhus, when for a bhikkhu the taints that should be abandoned by seeing have been abandoned by seeing, when the taints that should be abandoned by restraining have been abandoned by restraining, when the taints that should be abandoned by using have been abandoned by using, when the taints that should be abandoned by enduring have been abandoned by enduring, when the taints that should be abandoned by avoiding have been abandoned by avoiding, when the taints that should be abandoned by removing have been abandoned by removing, when the taints that should be abandoned by developing have been abandoned by developing—then he is called a bhikkhu who dwells restrained with the restraint of all the taints. He has severed craving, flung off the fetters, and with the complete penetration of conceit he has made an end of suffering.” That is what the Blessed One said. The bhikkhus were satisfied and delighted in the Blessed One’s words.

The Buddha's words Sālasutta SN 47.4 https://suttacentral.net/sn47.4 Developing the four establishments of mindfulness On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling among the Kosalans at the brahmin village of Sala. There the Blessed One addressed the bhikkhus thus: “Bhikkhus, those bhikkhus who are newly ordained, not long gone forth, recently come to this Dhamma and Discipline, should be exhorted, settled, and established by you in the development of the four establishments of mindfulness. What four? “‘Come, friends, dwell contemplating the body in the body , ardent, clearly comprehending, unified, with limpid mind, concentrated, with one-pointed mind, in order to know the body as it really is. Dwell contemplating feelings in feelings , ardent, clearly comprehending, unified, with limpid mind, concentrated, with one-pointed mind, in order to know feelings as they really are. Dwell contemplating mind in mind , ardent, clearly comprehending, unified, with limpid mind, concentrated, with one-pointed mind, in order to know mind as it really is. Dwell contemplating phenomena in phenomena , ardent, clearly comprehending, unified, with limpid mind, concentrated, with one-pointed mind, in order to know phenomena as they really are.’ “Bhikkhus, those bhikkhus who are trainees, who have not attained their mind’s ideal, who dwell aspiring for the unsurpassed security from bondage: they too dwell contemplating the body in the body, ardent, clearly comprehending, unified, with limpid mind, concentrated, with one-pointed mind, in order to fully understand the body as it really is. They too dwell contemplating feelings in feelings … in order to fully understand feelings as they really are. They too dwell contemplating mind in mind … in order to fully understand mind as it really is. They too dwell contemplating phenomena in phenomena … in order to fully understand phenomena as they really are. “Bhikkhus, those bhikkhus who are arahants, whose taints are destroyed, who have lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached their own goal, utterly destroyed the fetters of existence, and are completely liberated through final knowledge: they too dwell contemplating the body in the body, ardent, clearly comprehending, unified, with limpid mind, concentrated, with one-pointed mind, detached from the body. They too dwell contemplating feelings in feelings … detached from feelings. They too dwell contemplating mind in mind … detached from mind. They too dwell contemplating phenomena in phenomena … detached from phenomena. “Bhikkhus, those bhikkhus who are newly ordained, not long gone forth, recently come to this Dhamma and Discipline, should be exhorted, settled, and established by you in the development of these four establishments of mindfulness.”

The Buddha's words Subhasutta DN 10 https://suttacentral.net/dn10 THUS HAVE I HEARD. The Venerable Ānanda was once staying at Sāvatthī in the Jeta Wood, in Anāthapiṇḍika’s pleasaunce, shortly after the Exalted One had died away. Now at that time the young Brahman Subha, the son of the man of Tudi, was dwelling at Sāvatthī on some business or other. Now Subha, the young Brahman, addressed a certain young man, and said: ‘Come now, young man. Go to the Samaṇa Ānanda, and ask in my name as to whether his sickness and indisposition has abated, as to his health and vigour and condition of ease; and say: “’Twere well if the Venerable Ānanda would be so kind as to pay a visit to Subha, the young Brahman, the son of the man of Tudi.”’ ‘Very well, Sir,’ said that young man in reply. And he went to the place where the Venerable Ānanda was staying, and exchanged with him the greetings and compliments of politeness and courtesy, and took his seat apart. And, so seated, he delivered to the Venerable Ānanda the message with which he had been charged. On hearing that message, the Venerable Ānanda said to him: ‘It is not just now, young man, convenient, for I have just taken medicine. But perhaps I may be able to go on the morrow, if so be that conditions and opportunity seem fit.’ Then that young man arose from his seat, and went to Subha, and told him all, and added: ‘So, Sir, the matter has been so far accomplished that perhaps the Venerable Ānanda may be able to come on the morrow, if so be that conditions and opportunity seem fit.’ And the Venerable Ānanda, when the night had passed away, dressed himself early in the morning, and went, in his robes and carrying his bowl, with a Bhikkhu from the Cetiya country, as his attendant, to Subha’s house, and took his seat on the mat spread out for him. And Subha, the young Brahman, the son of the man of Tudi, came there where he sat, and exchanged with the Venerable Ānanda the greetings and compliments of politeness and courtesy, and took his seat on one side. And, so seated, he said to the Venerable Ānanda: ‘You, Sir, have waited long on the Venerable Gotama, constantly near him, continually in his company. You, Sir, will know what were the things the Venerable Gotama was wont to praise; to which he used to incite the folk, in which he established them, and made them firm. What were they, Ānanda?’ ‘Three are the bodies of doctrine, O Brahman, which the Exalted One was wont to praise; to which he used to incite the folk, in which he established them, and made them firm. And what are the three? The so noble body of doctrine regarding right conduct, the so noble body of doctrine regarding self-concentration, the so noble body of doctrine regarding intelligence.’ ‘And what, Ānanda, is this so noble body of doctrine regarding right conduct (Sīla) in praise of which the Venerable Gotama was wont to speak; to which he used to incite the folk, in which he established them, and made them firm?’ The next section in the Pali text is greatly abbreviated. The following is a fully expanded version, based on the text of DN 2, Sāmaññaphala Sutta as translated by Bhikkhu Bodhi. Note that it is not always possible to determine exactly how the expansion should be done. “Herein, young Brahman, a Tathāgata arises in the world, a worthy one, perfectly enlightened, endowed with clear knowledge and conduct, accomplished, a knower of the world, unsurpassed trainer of men to be tamed, teacher of gods and men, enlightened and exalted. Having realized by his own direct knowledge this world with its gods, its Māras, and its Brahmās, this generation with its recluses and brahmins, its rulers and people, he makes it known to others. He teaches the Dhamma that is good in the beginning, good in the middle, and good in the end, possessing meaning and phrasing; he reveals the holy life that is fully complete and purified. “A householder, or a householder’s son, or one born into some other family, hears the Dhamma. Having heard the Dhamma, he gains faith in the Tathāgata. Endowed with such faith, he reflects: ‘The household life is crowded, a path of dust. Going forth is like the open air. It is not easy for one dwelling at home to lead the perfectly complete, perfectly purified holy life, bright as a polished conch. Let me then shave off my hair and beard, put on saffron robes, and go forth from home to homelessness.’ “After some time he abandons his accumulation of wealth, be it large or small; he abandons his circle of relatives, be it large or small; he shaves off his hair and beard, puts on saffron robes, and goes forth from home to homelessness. “When he has thus gone forth, he lives restrained by the restraint of the Pātimokkha, possessed of proper behaviour and resort. Having taken up the rules of training, he trains himself in them, seeing danger in the slightest faults. He comes to be endowed with wholesome bodily and verbal action, his livelihood is purified, and he is possessed of conduct. He guards the doors of his sense faculties, is endowed with mindfulness and clear comprehension, and is content. The Small Section on Moral Discipline “And how, young Brahman, is the bhikkhu possessed of moral discipline? Herein, young Brahman, having abandoned the destruction of life, the bhikkhu abstains from the destruction of life. He has laid down the rod and weapon and dwells conscientious, full of kindness, sympathetic for the welfare of all living beings. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Having abandoned taking what is not given, he abstains from taking what is not given. Accepting and expecting only what is given, he lives in honesty with a pure mind. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Having abandoned incelibacy, he leads the holy life of celibacy. He dwells aloof and abstains from the vulgar practice of sexual intercourse. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Having abandoned false speech, he abstains from falsehood. He speaks only the truth, he lives devoted to truth; trustworthy and reliable, he does not deceive anyone in the world. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Having abandoned slander, he abstains from slander. He does not repeat elsewhere what he has heard here in order to divide others from the people here, nor does he repeat here what he has heard elsewhere in order to divide these from the people there. Thus he is a reconciler of those who are divided and a promoter of friendships. Rejoicing, delighting, and exulting in concord, he speaks only words that are conducive to concord. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Having abandoned harsh speech, he abstains from harsh speech. He speaks only such words as are gentle, pleasing to the ear, endearing, going to the heart, polite, amiable and agreeable to the manyfolk. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Having abandoned idle chatter, he abstains from idle chatter. He speaks at the right time, speaks what is factual and beneficial, speaks on the Dhamma and the Discipline. His words are worth treasuring; they are timely, backed by reasons, measured, and connected with the good. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “He abstains from damaging seed and plant life. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “He eats only in one part of the day, refraining from food at night and from eating at improper times. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “He abstains from dancing, singing, instrumental music, and from witnessing unsuitable shows. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “He abstains from wearing garlands, embellishing himself with scents, and beautifying himself with unguents. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “He abstains from high and luxurious beds and seats. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “He abstains from accepting gold and silver. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “He abstains from accepting uncooked grain, raw meat, women and girls, male and female slaves, goats and sheep, fowl and swine, elephants, cattle, horses and mares. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “He abstains from accepting fields and lands. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “He abstains from running messages and errands. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “He abstains from buying and selling. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “He abstains from dealing with false weights, false metals, and false measures. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “He abstains from the crooked ways of bribery, deception, and fraud. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “He abstains from mutilating, executing, imprisoning, robbery, plunder, and violence. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “This too pertains to his moral discipline. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. The Intermediate Section on Moral Discipline “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on food offered by the faithful, continually cause damage to seed and plant life—to plants propagated from roots, stems, joints, buds, and seeds—he abstains from damaging seed and plant life. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on food offered by the faithful, enjoy the use of stored-up goods, such as stored-up food, drinks, garments, vehicles, bedding, scents, and comestibles—he abstains from the use of stored-up goods. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on food offered by the faithful, attend unsuitable shows, such as: shows featuring dancing, singing, or instrumental music; theatrical performances; narrations of legends music played by hand-clapping, cymbals, and drums; picture houses; acrobatic performances; combats of elephants, horses, buffaloes, bulls, goats, rams, cocks and quails; stick-fights, boxing, and wrestling; sham-fights, roll-calls, battle-arrays, and regimental reviews— he abstains from attending such unsuitable shows. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on food offered by the faithful, indulge in the following games and recreations: aṭṭhapada (a game played on an eight-row chessboard); dasapada (a game played on a ten-row chessboard); ākāsa (played by imagining a board in the air); parihārapatha (“hopscotch,” a diagram is drawn on the ground and one has to jump in the allowable spaces avoiding the lines); santika (“spillikins,” assembling the pieces in a pile, removing and returning them without disturbing the pile); khalika (dice games); ghaṭika (hitting a short stick with a long stick); salākahattha (a game played by dipping the hand in paint or dye, striking the ground or a wall, and requiring the participants to show the figure of an elephant, a horse etc.); akkha (ball games); paṅgacīra (blowing through toy pipes made of leaves); vaṅkaka (ploughing with miniature ploughs); mokkhacika (turning somersaults); ciṅgulika (playing with paper windmills); pattāḷaka (playing with toy measures); rathaka (playing with toy chariots); dhanuka (playing with toy bows); akkharika (guessing at letters written in the air or on one’s back); manesika (guessing others’ thoughts); yathāvajja (games involving mimicry of deformities)— he abstains from such games that are a basis for negligence. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on food offered by the faithful, enjoy the use of high and luxurious beds and seats, such as: spacious couches; thrones with animal figures carved on the supports; long-haired coverlets; multi-colored patchwork coverlets; white woollen coverlets woollen coverlets embroidered with flowers; quilts stuffed with cotton; woollen coverlets embroidered with animal figures; woollen coverlets with hair on both sides or on one side; bedspreads embroidered with gems; silk coverlets; dance-hall carpets; elephant, horse, or chariot rugs; rugs of antelope-skins; choice spreads made of kadali-deer hides; spreads with red awnings overhead; couches with red cushions for head and feet— he abstains from the use of such high and luxurious beds and seats. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on food offered by the faithful, enjoy the use of such devices for embellishing and beautifying themselves as the following: rubbing scented powders into the body massaging with oils bathing in perfumed water kneading the limbs mirrors ointments garlands scents unguents face-powders make-up bracelets head-bands decorated walking sticks ornamented medicine-tubes rapiers sunshades embroidered sandals turbans diadems yaktail whisks and long-fringed white robes— he abstains from the use of such devices for embellishment and beautification. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on the food offered by the faithful, engage in frivolous chatter, such as: talk about kings, thieves, and ministers of state talk about armies, dangers, and wars talk about food, drink, garments, and lodgings; talk about garlands and scents; talk about relations, vehicles, villages, towns, cities, and countries; talk about women and talk about heroes; street talk and talk by the well; talk about those departed in days gone by; rambling chit-chat; speculations about the world and about the sea; talk about gain and loss— he abstains from such frivolous chatter. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on the food offered by the faithful, engage in wrangling argumentation, (saying to one another): ‘You don’t understand this doctrine and discipline. It is I who understand this doctrine and discipline.’ ‘How can you understand this doctrine and discipline?’ ‘You’re practising the wrong way. I’m practicing the right way.’ ‘I’m being consistent. You’re inconsistent.’ ‘What should have been said first you said last, what should have been said last you said first.’ ‘What you took so long to think out has been confuted.’ ‘Your doctrine has been refuted. You’re defeated. Go, try to save your doctrine, or disentangle yourself now if you can’— he abstains from such wrangling argumentation. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on the food offered by the faithful, engage in running messages and errands for kings, ministers of state, khattiyas, brahmins, householders, or youths, (who command them): ‘Go here, go there, take this, bring that from there’—he abstains from running such messages and errands. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on the food offered by the faithful, engage in scheming, talking, hinting, belittling others, and pursuing gain with gain, he abstains from such kinds of scheming and talking. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. The Large Section on Moral Discipline “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on the food offered by the faithful, earn their living by a wrong means of livelihood, by such debased arts as: prophesying long life, prosperity etc., or the reverse, from the marks on a person’s limbs, hands, feet, etc.; divining by means of omens and signs; making auguries on the basis of thunderbolts and celestial portents; interpreting ominous dreams; telling fortunes from marks on the body; making auguries from the marks on cloth gnawed by mice; offering fire oblations; offering oblations from a ladle; offering oblations of husks, rice powder, rice grains, ghee and oil to the gods; offering oblations from the mouth; offering blood-sacrifices to the gods; making predictions based on the fingertips; determining whether the site for a proposed house or garden is propitious or not; making predictions for officers of state; laying demons in a cemetery; laying ghosts; knowledge of charms to be pronounced by one living in an earthen house; snake charming; the poison craft, scorpion craft, rat craft, bird craft, crow craft; foretelling the number of years that a man has to live; reciting charms to give protection from arrows; reciting charms to understand the language of animals— he abstains from such wrong means of livelihood, from such debased arts. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on the food offered by the faithful, earn their living by a wrong means of livelihood, by such debased arts as interpreting the significance of the colour, shape, and other features of the following items to determine whether they portend fortune or misfortune for their owners: gems, garments, staffs, swords, spears, arrows, bows, other weapons, women, men, boys, girls, slaves, slave-women, elephants, horses, buffaloes, bulls, cows, goats, rams, fowl, quails, lizards, earrings (or house-gables), tortoises, and other animals— he abstains from such wrong means of livelihood, from such debased arts. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on the food offered by the faithful, earn their living by a wrong means of livelihood, by such debased arts as making predictions to the effect that: the king will march forth; the king will return; our king will attack and the enemy king will retreat; the enemy king will attack and our king will retreat; our king will triumph and the enemy king will be defeated; the enemy king will triumph and our king will be defeated; thus there will be victory for one and defeat for the other— he abstains from such wrong means of livelihood, from such debased arts. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on the food offered by the faithful, earn their living by a wrong means of livelihood, by such debased arts as predicting: there will be an eclipse of the moon, an eclipse of the sun, an eclipse of a constellation the sun and the moon will go on their proper courses there will be an aberration of the sun and moon the constellations will go on their proper courses there will be an aberration of a constellation there will be a fall of meteors there will be a skyblaze there will be an earthquake there will be an earth-roar there will be a rising and setting, a darkening and brightening of the moon, sun, and constellations such will be the result of the moon’s eclipse, such the result of the sun’s eclipse, (and so on down to) such will be the result of the rising and setting, darkening and brightening of the moon, sun, and constellations— he abstains from such wrong means of livelihood, from such debased arts. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on the food offered by the faithful, earn their living by a wrong means of livelihood, by such debased arts as predicting: there will be abundant rain there will be a drought there will be a good harvest there will be a famine there will be security there will be danger there will be sickness there will be health or they earn their living by accounting, computation, calculation, the composing of poetry, and speculations about the world— he abstains from such wrong means of livelihood, from such debased arts. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on the food offered by the faithful, earn their living by a wrong means of livelihood, by such debased arts as: arranging auspicious dates for marriages, both those in which the bride is brought home and those in which she is sent out arranging auspicious dates for betrothals and divorces arranging auspicious dates for the accumulation or expenditure of money reciting charms to make people lucky or unlucky rejuvenating the foetuses of abortive women reciting spells to bind a man’s tongue, to paralyze his jaws, to make him lose control over his hands, or to bring on deafness obtaining oracular answers to questions by means of a mirror, a girl, or a god worshipping the sun worshipping Mahābrahmā bringing forth flames from the mouth invoking the goddess of luck— he abstains from such wrong means of livelihood, from such debased arts. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Whereas some recluses and brahmins, while living on the food offered by the faithful, earn their living by a wrong means of livelihood, by such debased arts as: promising gifts to deities in return for favours fulfilling such promises demonology reciting spells after entering an earthen house inducing virility and impotence preparing and consecrating sites for a house giving ceremonial mouthwashes and ceremonial bathing offering sacrificial fires administering emetics, purgatives, expectorants, and phlegmagogues administering medicines through the ear and through the nose, administering ointments and counter-ointments, practising fine surgery on the eyes and ears, practising general surgery on the body, practising as a children’s doctor— he abstains from such wrong means of livelihood, from such debased arts. This, young Brahman, pertains to his moral discipline. “Young Brahman, the bhikkhu who is thus possessed of moral discipline sees no danger anywhere in regard to his restraint by moral discipline. Just as a head-anointed noble warrior who has defeated his enemies sees no danger anywhere from his enemies, so the bhikkhu who is thus possessed of moral discipline sees no danger anywhere in regard to his restraint by moral discipline. Endowed with this noble aggregate of moral discipline, he experiences within himself a blameless happiness. In this way, young Brahman, the bhikkhu is possessed of moral discipline. ‘This, young Brahman, is that so noble body of doctrine regarding right conduct, of which that Exalted One was wont to speak in praise; to which he used to incite the folk, in which he established them, and made them firm.’ ‘And there is yet something further, according to this system, still to be done.’ ‘Wonderful is this, Ānanda, and mysterious—both that this so noble group of conduct is well-rounded, not incomplete; and that I perceive no other, like unto it, among the other Samaṇas and Brāhmaṇas outside of this communion. And were they also to perceive such in themselves, then would they be satisfied with thus much, and would say: “So far is enough. We have done thus much. The aim of our Samaṇaship has been reached.” But you, Ānanda, on the other hand, say: “There is yet something further, according to your system, still to be done.”’ Here ends the First Portion for Recitation in the Subha Sutta. ‘And what, Ānanda, is this so noble body of doctrine regarding self-concentration (Samādhi) in praise of which the Venerable Gotama was wont to speak; to which he used to incite the folk, in which he established them, and made them firm?’ Restraint of the Sense Faculties “And how, young Brahman, does the bhikkhu guard the doors of his sense faculties? Herein, young Brahman, having seen a form with the eye, the bhikkhu does not grasp at the sign or the details. Since, if he were to dwell without restraint over the faculty of the eye, evil unwholesome states such as covetousness and grief might assail him, he practises restraint, guards the faculty of the eye, and achieves restraint over the faculty of the eye. Having heard a sound with the ear the bhikkhu does not grasp at the sign or the details. Since, if he were to dwell without restraint over the faculty of the ear, evil unwholesome states such as covetousness and grief might assail him, he practises restraint, guards the faculty of the ear, and achieves restraint over the faculty of the ear. Having smelled an odour with the nose the bhikkhu does not grasp at the sign or the details. Since, if he were to dwell without restraint over the faculty of the nose, evil unwholesome states such as covetousness and grief might assail him, he practises restraint, guards the faculty of the nose, and achieves restraint over the faculty of the nose. Having tasted a flavour with the tongue the bhikkhu does not grasp at the sign or the details. Since, if he were to dwell without restraint over the faculty of the tongue, evil unwholesome states such as covetousness and grief might assail him, he practises restraint, guards the faculty of the tongue, and achieves restraint over the faculty of the tongue. Having touched a tangible object with the body the bhikkhu does not grasp at the sign or the details. Since, if he were to dwell without restraint over the faculty of the body, evil unwholesome states such as covetousness and grief might assail him, he practises restraint, guards the faculty of the body, and achieves restraint over the faculty of the body. Having cognized a mind-object with the mind, the bhikkhu does not grasp at the sign or the details. Since, if he were to dwell without restraint over the faculty of the mind, evil unwholesome states such as covetousness and grief might assail him, he practises restraint, guards the faculty of the mind, and achieves restraint over the faculty of the mind. Endowed with this noble restraint of the sense faculties, he experiences within himself an unblemished happiness. In this way, young Brahman, the bhikkhu guards the doors of the sense faculties. Mindfulness and Clear Comprehension “And how, young Brahman, is the bhikkhu endowed with mindfulness and clear comprehension? Herein, young Brahman, in going forward and returning, the bhikkhu acts with clear comprehension. In looking ahead and looking aside, he acts with clear comprehension. In bending and stretching the limbs, he acts with clear comprehension. In wearing his robes and cloak and using his alms-bowl, he acts with clear comprehension. In eating, drinking, chewing, and tasting, he acts with clear comprehension. In defecating and urinating, he acts with clear comprehension. In going, standing, sitting, lying down, waking up, speaking, and remaining silent, he acts with clear comprehension. In this way, young Brahman, the bhikkhu is endowed with mindfulness and clear comprehension. Contentment “And how, young Brahman, is the bhikkhu content? Herein, young Brahman, a bhikkhu is content with robes to protect his body and almsfood to sustain his belly; wherever he goes he sets out taking only (his requisites) along with him. Just as a bird, wherever it goes, flies with its wings as its only burden, in the same way a bhikkhu is content with robes to protect his body and almsfood to sustain his belly; wherever he goes he sets out taking only (his requisites) along with him. In this way, young Brahman, the bhikkhu is content. The Abandoning of the Hindrances “Endowed with this noble aggregate of moral discipline, this noble restraint over the sense faculties, this noble mindfulness and clear comprehension, and this noble contentment, he resorts to a secluded dwelling—a forest, the foot of a tree, a mountain, a glen, a hillside cave, a cremation ground, a jungle grove, the open air, a heap of straw. After returning from his alms-round, following his meals, he sits down, crosses his legs, holds his body erect, and sets up mindfulness before him. “Having abandoned covetousness for the world, he dwells with a mind free from covetousness; he purifies his mind from covetousness. Having abandoned ill will and hatred, he dwells with a benevolent mind, sympathetic for the welfare of all living beings; he purifies his mind from ill will and hatred. Having abandoned dullness and drowsiness, he dwells perceiving light, mindful and clearly comprehending; he purifies his mind from dullness and drowsiness. Having abandoned restlessness and worry, he dwells at ease within himself, with a peaceful mind; he purifies his mind from restlessness and worry. Having abandoned doubt, he dwells as one who has passed beyond doubt, unperplexed about wholesome states; he purifies his mind from doubt. “Young Brahman, suppose a man were to take a loan and apply it to his business, and his business were to succeed, so that he could pay back his old debts and would have enough money left over to maintain a wife. He would reflect on this, and as a result he would become glad and experience joy. “Again, young Brahman, suppose a man were to become sick, afflicted, gravely ill, so that he could not enjoy his food and his strength would decline. After some time he would recover from that illness and would enjoy his food and regain his bodily strength. He would reflect on this, and as a result he would become glad and experience joy. “Again, young Brahman, suppose a man were locked up in a prison. After some time he would be released from prison, safe and secure, with no loss of his possessions. He would reflect on this, and as a result he would become glad and experience joy. “Again, young Brahman, suppose a man were a slave, without independence, subservient to others, unable to go where he wants. After some time he would be released from slavery and gain his independence; he would no longer be subservient to others but a free man able to go where he wants. He would reflect on this, and as a result he would become glad and experience joy. “Again, young Brahman, suppose a man with wealth and possessions were travelling along a desert road where food was scarce and dangers were many. After some time he would cross over the desert and arrive safely at a village which is safe and free from danger. He would reflect on this, and as a result he would become glad and experience joy. “In the same way, young Brahman, when a bhikkhu sees that these five hindrances are unabandoned within himself, he regards that as a debt, as a sickness, as confinement in prison, as slavery, as a desert road. “But when he sees that these five hindrances have been abandoned within himself, he regards that as freedom from debt, as good health, as release from prison, as freedom from slavery, as a place of safety. “When he sees that these five hindrances have been abandoned within himself, gladness arises. When he is gladdened, rapture arises. When his mind is filled with rapture, his body becomes tranquil; tranquil in body, he experiences happiness; being happy, his mind becomes concentrated. The First Jhāna “Quite secluded from sense pleasures, secluded from unwholesome states, he enters and dwells in the first jhāna, which is accompanied by applied and sustained thought and filled with the rapture and happiness born of seclusion. He drenches, steeps, saturates, and suffuses his body with this rapture and happiness born of seclusion, so that there is no part of his entire body which is not suffused by this rapture and happiness. “Young Brahman, suppose a skilled bath attendant or his apprentice were to pour soap-powder into a metal basin, sprinkle it with water, and knead it into a ball, so that the ball of soap-powder be pervaded by moisture, encompassed by moisture, suffused with moisture inside and out, yet would not trickle. In the same way, young Brahman, the bhikkhu drenches, steeps, saturates, and suffuses his body with the rapture and happiness born of seclusion, so that there is no part of his entire body which is not suffused by this rapture and happiness. This pertains to his samādhi. The Second Jhāna “Further, young Brahman, with the subsiding of applied and sustained thought, the bhikkhu enters and dwells in the second jhāna, which is accompanied by internal confidence and unification of mind, is without applied and sustained thought, and is filled with the rapture and happiness born of concentration. He drenches, steeps, saturates, and suffuses his body with this rapture and happiness born of concentration, so that there is no part of his entire body which is not suffused by this rapture and happiness. “Young Brahman, suppose there were a deep lake whose waters welled up from below. It would have no inlet for water from the east, west, north, or south, nor would it be refilled from time to time with showers of rain; yet a current of cool water, welling up from within the lake, would drench, steep, saturate and suffuse the whole lake, so that there would be no part of that entire lake which is not suffused with the cool water. In the same way, young Brahman, the bhikkhu drenches, steeps, saturates, and suffuses his body with the rapture and happiness born of concentration, so that there is no part of his entire body which is not suffused by this rapture and happiness. This too pertains to his samādhi. The Third Jhāna “Further, young Brahman, with the fading away of rapture, the bhikkhu dwells in equanimity, mindful and clearly comprehending, and experiences happiness with the body. Thus he enters and dwells in the third jhāna, of which the noble ones declare: ‘He dwells happily with equanimity and mindfulness.’ He drenches, steeps, saturates, and suffuses his body with this happiness free from rapture, so that there is no part of his entire body which is not suffused by this happiness. “Young Brahman, suppose in a lotus pond there were blue, white, or red lotuses that have been born in the water, grow in the water, and never rise up above the water, but flourish immersed in the water. From their tips to their roots they would be drenched, steeped, saturated, and suffused with cool water, so that there would be no part of those lotuses not suffused with cool water. In the same way, young Brahman, the bhikkhu drenches, steeps, saturates and suffuses his body with the happiness free from rapture, so that there is no part of his entire body which is not suffused by this happiness. This too pertains to his samādhi. The Fourth Jhāna “Further, young Brahman, with the abandoning of pleasure and pain, and with the previous passing away of joy and grief, the bhikkhu enters and dwells in the fourth jhāna, which is neither pleasant nor painful and contains mindfulness fully purified by equanimity. He sits suffusing his body with a pure bright mind, so that there is no part of his entire body not suffused by a pure bright mind. “Young Brahman, suppose a man were to be sitting covered from the head down by a white cloth, so that there would be no part of his entire body not suffused by the white cloth. In the same way, young Brahman, the bhikkhu sits suffusing his body with a pure bright mind, so that there is no part of his entire body not suffused by a pure bright mind. This too pertains to his samādhi. ‘This, young Brahman, is that so noble body of doctrine regarding samādhi, of which that Exalted One was wont to speak in praise; to which he used to incite the folk, in which he established them, and made them firm.’ ‘And what, Ānanda, is this so noble body of doctrine regarding intellect (Paññā) in praise of which the Venerable Gotama was wont to speak; to which he used to incite the folk, in which he established them, and made them firm?’ Insight Knowledge “When his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright, unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to knowledge and vision. He understands thus: ‘This is my body, having material form, composed of the four primary elements, originating from father and mother, built up out of rice and gruel, impermanent, subject to rubbing and pressing, to dissolution and dispersion. And this is my consciousness, supported by it and bound up with it.’ “Young Brahman, suppose there were a beautiful beryl gem of purest water, eight-faceted, well cut, clear, limpid, flawless, endowed with all excellent qualities. And through it there would run a blue, yellow, red, white, or brown thread. A man with keen sight, taking it in his hand, would reflect upon it thus: ‘This is a beautiful beryl gem of purest water, eight faceted, well cut, clear, limpid, flawless, endowed with all excellent qualities. And running through it there is this blue, yellow, red, white, or brown thread.’ In the same way, young Brahman, when his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright, unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady and attained to imperturbability the bhikkhu directs and inclines it to knowledge and vision and understands thus: ‘This is my body, having material form, composed of the four primary elements, originating from father and mother, built up out of rice and gruel, impermanent, subject to rubbing and pressing, to dissolution and dispersion. And this is my consciousness, supported by it and bound up with it.’ This, too, young Brahman, pertains to his wisdom. The Knowledge of the Mind-made Body “When his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright, unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to creating a mind-made body. From this body he creates another body having material form, mind-made, complete in all its parts, not lacking any faculties. “Young Brahman, suppose a man were to draw out a reed from its sheath. He would think: ‘This is the reed; this is the sheath. The reed is one thing, the sheath another, but the reed has been drawn out from the sheath.’ Or suppose a man were to draw a sword out from its scabbard. He would think: ‘This is the sword; this is the scabbard. The sword is one thing, the scabbard another, but the sword has been drawn out from the scabbard.’ Or suppose a man were to pull a snake out from its slough. He would think: ‘This is the snake; this is the slough. The snake is one thing, the slough another, but the snake has been pulled out from the slough.’ In the same way, young Brahman, his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright, unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to creating a mind-made body. From this body he creates another body having material form, mind-made, complete in all its parts, not lacking any faculties. This too, young Brahman, pertains to his wisdom. The Knowledge of the Modes of Supernormal Power “When his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright, unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to the modes of supernormal power. He exercises the various modes of supernormal power: having been one, he becomes many and having been many, he becomes one; he appears and vanishes; he goes unimpeded through walls, ramparts, and mountains as if through space; he dives in and out of the earth as if it were water; he walks on water without sinking as if it were earth; sitting cross-legged he travels through space like a winged bird; with his hand he touches and strokes the sun and the moon, so mighty and powerful; he exercises mastery over the body as far as the Brahma-world. “Young Brahman, suppose a skilled potter or his apprentice were to make and fashion out of well-prepared clay whatever kind of vessel he might desire. Or suppose a skilled ivory-worker or his apprentice were to make and fashion out of well-prepared ivory whatever kind of ivory work he might desire. Or suppose a skilled goldsmith or his apprentice were to make and fashion out of well-prepared gold whatever kind of gold work he might desire. In the same way, young Brahman, when his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to the modes of supernormal power. He exercises the various modes of supernormal power: having been one, he becomes many and having been many, he becomes one; he appears and vanishes; he goes unimpeded through walls, ramparts, and mountains as if through space; he dives in and out of the earth as if it were water; he walks on water without sinking as if it were earth; sitting cross-legged he travels through space like a winged bird; with his hand he touches and strokes the sun and the moon, so mighty and powerful; he exercises mastery over the body as far as the Brahma-world. This too, young Brahman, pertains to his wisdom. The Knowledge of the Divine Ear “When his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright, unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to the divine ear-element. With the divine ear-element, which is purified and surpasses the human, he hears both kinds of sound, the divine and the human, those which are distant and those which are near. “Young Brahman, suppose a man travelling along a highway were to hear the sounds of kettledrums, tambours, horns, cymbals and tom-toms, and would think: ‘This is the sound of kettledrums, this is the sound of tambours, this the sound of horns, cymbals and tom-toms.’ In the same way, young Brahman, when his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to the divine ear-element. With the divine ear-element, which is purified and surpasses the human, he hears both kinds of sound, the divine and the human, those which are distant and those which are near. This too, young Brahman, pertains to his wisdom. The Knowledge Encompassing the Minds of Others “When his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright, unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to the knowledge of encompassing the minds (of others). He understands the minds of other beings and persons, having encompassed them with his own mind. He understands a mind with lust as a mind with lust and a mind without lust as a mind without lust; he understands a mind with hatred as a mind with hatred and a mind without hatred as a mind without hatred; he understands a mind with delusion as a mind with delusion and a mind without delusion as a mind without delusion; he understands a contracted mind as a contracted mind and a distracted mind as a distracted mind; he understands an exalted mind as an exalted mind and an unexalted mind as an unexalted mind; he understands a surpassable mind as a surpassable mind and an unsurpassable mind as an unsurpassable mind; he understands a concentrated mind as a concentrated mind and an unconcentrated mind as an unconcentrated mind; he understands a liberated mind as a liberated mind and an unliberated mind as an unliberated mind. “Young Brahman, suppose a young man or woman, fond of ornaments, examining his or her own facial reflection in a pure bright mirror or in a bowl of clear water, would know, if there were a mole, ‘It has a mole,’ and if there were no mole, ‘It has no mole.’ In the same way, young Brahman, when his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to the knowledge of encompassing the minds (of others). He understands the minds of other beings and persons, having encompassed them with his own mind. He understands a mind with lust as a mind with lust and a mind without lust as a mind without lust; he understands a mind with hatred as a mind with hatred and a mind without hatred as a mind without hatred; he understands a mind with delusion as a mind with delusion and a mind without delusion as a mind without delusion; he understands a contracted mind as a contracted mind and a distracted mind as a distracted mind; he understands an exalted mind as an exalted mind and an unexalted mind as an unexalted mind; he understands a surpassable mind as a surpassable mind and an unsurpassable mind as an unsurpassable mind; he understands a concentrated mind as a concentrated mind and an unconcentrated mind as an unconcentrated mind; he understands a liberated mind as a liberated mind and an unliberated mind as an unliberated mind. This too, young Brahman, pertains to his wisdom. The Knowledge of Recollecting Past Lives “When his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright, unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to the knowledge of recollecting past lives. He recollects his numerous past lives, that is, one birth, two births, three, four, or five births; ten, twenty, thirty, forty, or fifty births; a hundred births, a thousand births, a hundred thousand births; many aeons of world contraction, many aeons of world expansion, many aeons of world contraction and expansion, (recollecting): ‘There I had such a name, belonged to such a clan, had such an appearance; such was my food, such my experience of pleasure and pain, such my span of life. Passing away from that state, I re-arose there. There too I had such a name, belonged to such a clan, had such an appearance; such was my food, such my experience of pleasure and pain, such my span of life. Passing away from that state I re-arose here.’ Thus he recollects his numerous past lives in their modes and their details. “Young Brahman, suppose a man were to go from his own village to another village, then from that village to still another village, and then from that village he would return to his own village. He would think to himself: ‘I went from my own village to that village. There I stood in such a way, sat in such a way, spoke in such a way, and remained silent in such a way. From that village I went to still another village. There too I stood in such a way, sat in such a way, spoke in such a way, and remained silent in such a way. From that village I returned to my own village.’ In the same way, young Brahman, when his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright, unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to the knowledge of recollecting past lives. He recollects his numerous past lives, that is, one birth, two births, three, four, or five births; ten, twenty, thirty, forty, or fifty births; a hundred births, a thousand births, a hundred thousand births; many aeons of world contraction, many aeons of world expansion, many aeons of world contraction and expansion, (recollecting): ‘There I had such a name, belonged to such a clan, had such an appearance; such was my food, such my experience of pleasure and pain, such my span of life. Passing away from that state, I re-arose there. There too I had such a name, belonged to such a clan, had such an appearance; such was my food, such my experience of pleasure and pain, such my span of life. Passing away from that state I re-arose here.’ Thus he recollects his numerous past lives in their modes and their details. This too, young Brahman, pertains to his wisdom. The Knowledge of the Divine Eye “When his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright, unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to the knowledge of the passing away and reappearance of beings. With the divine eye, which is purified and surpasses the human, he sees beings passing away and reappearing—inferior and superior, beautiful and ugly, fortunate and unfortunate—and he understands how beings fare according to their kamma, thus: ‘These beings—who were endowed with bad conduct of body, speech, and mind, who reviled the noble ones, held wrong views, and undertook actions governed by wrong views—with the breakup of the body, after death, have reappeared in the plane of misery, the bad destinations, the lower realms, in hell. But these beings—who were endowed with good conduct of body, speech, and mind, who did not revile the noble ones, held right views, and undertook actions governed by right views—with the breakup of the body, after death, have reappeared in the good destinations, in the heavenly world.’ Thus with the divine eye, which is purified and surpasses the human, he sees beings passing away and reappearing—inferior and superior, beautiful and ugly, fortunate and unfortunate—and he understands how beings fare in accordance with their kamma. “Young Brahman, suppose in a central square there were a building with an upper terrace, and a man with keen sight standing there were to see people entering a house, leaving it, walking along the streets, and sitting in the central square. He would think to himself: ‘Those people are entering the house, those are leaving it, those are walking along the streets, and those are sitting in the central square.’ In the same way, young Brahman, when his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright, unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to the knowledge of the passing away and reappearance of beings. With the divine eye, which is purified and surpasses the human, he sees beings passing away and reappearing—inferior and superior, beautiful and ugly, fortunate and unfortunate—and he understands how beings fare according to their kamma, thus: ‘These beings—who were endowed with bad conduct of body, speech, and mind, who reviled the noble ones, held wrong views, and undertook actions governed by wrong views—with the breakup of the body, after death, have reappeared in the plane of misery, the bad destinations, the lower realms, in hell. But these beings—who were endowed with good conduct of body, speech, and mind, who did not revile the noble ones, held right views, and undertook actions governed by right views—with the breakup of the body, after death, have reappeared in the good destinations, in the heavenly world.’ Thus with the divine eye, which is purified and surpasses the human, he sees beings passing away and reappearing—inferior and superior, beautiful and ugly, fortunate and unfortunate—and he understands how beings fare in accordance with their kamma. This too, young Brahman, pertains to his wisdom. The Knowledge of the Destruction of the Cankers “When his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright, unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to the knowledge of the destruction of the cankers. He understands as it really is: ‘This is suffering.’ He understands as it really is: ‘This is the origin of suffering.’ He understands as it really is: ‘This is the cessation of suffering.’ He understands as it really is: ‘This is the way leading to the cessation of suffering.’ He understands as it really is: ‘These are the cankers.’ He understands as it really is: ‘This is the origin of the cankers.’ He understands as it really is: ‘This is the cessation of the cankers.’ He understands as it really is: ‘This is the way leading to the cessation of the cankers.’ “Knowing and seeing thus, his mind is liberated from the canker of sensual desire, from the canker of existence, and from the canker of ignorance. When it is liberated, the knowledge arises: ‘It is liberated.’ He understands: ‘Destroyed is birth, the holy life has been lived, what had to be done has been done, there is nothing further beyond this.’ “Young Brahman, suppose in a mountain glen there were a lake with clear water, limpid and unsullied. A man with keen sight, standing on the bank, would see oyster-shells, sand and pebbles, and shoals of fish moving about and keeping still. He would think to himself: ‘This is a lake with clear water, limpid and unsullied, and there within it are oyster-shells, sand and pebbles, and shoals of fish moving about and keeping still.’ “In the same way, young Brahman, when his mind is thus concentrated, pure and bright, unblemished, free from defects, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines it to the knowledge of the destruction of the cankers. He understands as it really is: ‘This is suffering.’ He understands as it really is: ‘This is the origin of suffering.’ He understands as it really is: ‘This is the cessation of suffering.’ He understands as it really is: ‘This is the way leading to the cessation of suffering.’ He understands as it really is: ‘These are the cankers.’ He understands as it really is: ‘This is the origin of the cankers.’ He understands as it really is: ‘This is the cessation of the cankers.’ He understands as it really is: ‘This is the way leading to the cessation of the cankers.’ “Knowing and seeing thus, his mind is liberated from the canker of sensual desire, from the canker of existence, and from the canker of ignorance. When it is liberated, the knowledge arises: ‘It is liberated.’ He understands: ‘Destroyed is birth, the holy life has been lived, what had to be done has been done, there is nothing further beyond this.’ ‘This, young Brahman, is that so noble body of doctrine regarding intellect, of which that Exalted One was wont to speak in praise; to which he used to incite the folk, in which he established them, and made them firm.’ ‘Wonderful is this, Ānanda, and mysterious—both that this so noble group of doctrine regarding intellect is well-rounded, not incomplete; and that I perceive no other, like unto it among the other Samaṇas and Brāhmaṇas outside of this communion. And there is not, in this matter, anything further to be accomplished. Most excellent, Ānanda, are the words of thy mouth, most excellent! Just as if a man were to set up that which has been thrown down, or were to reveal that which has been hidden away, or were to point out the right road to him who has gone astray, or were to bring a light into the darkness so that those who have eyes could see external forms—just even so has the truth been made known to me, in many a figure, by the Venerable Ānanda. And I, even I, betake myself to that Venerable Gotama as my guide, to the Truth and to the Order. May the Venerable Ānanda receive me as an adherent, as one who, from this day forth, as long as life endures, has taken them as his guide.’

The Buddha's words Devadattasutta AN 4.68 https://suttacentral.net/an4.68 At one time the Buddha was staying near Rājagaha, on the Vulture’s Peak Mountain, not long after Devadatta had left. There the Buddha spoke to the mendicants about Devadatta: “Possessions, honor, and popularity came to Devadatta for his own ruin and downfall. It’s like a banana tree, or a bamboo, or a reed, all of which bear fruit to their own ruin and downfall … It’s like a mule, which becomes pregnant to its own ruin and downfall. In the same way, possessions, honor, and popularity came to Devadatta for his own ruin and downfall. The banana tree is destroyed by its own fruit, as are the bamboo and the reed. Honor destroys a reprobate, as pregnancy destroys a mule.”

The Buddha's words Āsavasutta SN 47.50 https://suttacentral.net/sn47.50 Photo by Niklas Ohlrogge (niamoh.de) on Unsplash “Bhikkhus, there are these three taints. What three? The taint of sensuality, the taint of existence, the taint of ignorance. These are the three taints. The four establishments of mindfulness are to be developed for the full understanding of these three taints. “What four? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu dwells contemplating the body in the body … feelings in feelings … mind in mind … phenomena in phenomena, ardent, clearly comprehending, mindful, having removed covetousness and displeasure in regard to the world. “These four establishments of mindfulness, bhikkhus, are to be developed for the full understanding of these three taints.”

The Buddha's words Kalyāṇamittasutta SN 3.18 https://suttacentral.net/sn3.18 Photo by form PxHere At Sāvatthī. Seated to one side, King Pasenadi said to the Buddha, “Just now, sir, as I was in private retreat this thought came to mind. ‘The teaching is well explained by the Buddha. But it’s for someone with good friends, companions, and associates, not for someone with bad friends, companions, and associates.’” “That’s so true, great king! That’s so true!” said the Buddha. And he repeated the king’s statement, adding: “Great king, this one time I was staying in the land of the Sakyans where they have a town named Townsville. Then the bhikkhu Ānanda came to me, bowed, sat down to one side, and said: ‘Sir, good friends, companions, and associates are half the spiritual life.’ When he had spoken, I said to him: ‘Not so, Ānanda! Not so, Ānanda! Good friends, companions, and associates are the whole of the spiritual life. A bhikkhu with good friends, companions, and associates can expect to develop and cultivate the noble eightfold path. And how does a bhikkhu with good friends develop and cultivate the noble eightfold path? It’s when a bhikkhu develops right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right immersion, which rely on seclusion, fading away, and cessation, and ripen as letting go. That’s how a bhikkhu with good friends develops and cultivates the noble eightfold path. And here’s another way to understand how good friends are the whole of the spiritual life. For, by relying on me as a good friend, sentient beings who are liable to rebirth, old age, and death, to sorrow, lamentation, pain, sadness, and distress are freed from all these things. This is another way to understand how good friends are the whole of the spiritual life.’ So, great king, you should train like this: ‘I will have good friends, companions, and associates.’ That’s how you should train. When you have good friends, companions, and associates, you should live supported by one thing: diligence in skillful qualities. When you’re diligent, supported by diligence, your ladies of the harem, aristocrat vassals, troops, and people of town and country will think: ‘The king lives diligently, supported by diligence. We’d better live diligently, supported by diligence!’ When you’re diligent, supported by diligence, then not only you yourself, but your ladies of the harem, and your treasury and storehouses will be guarded and protected.” That is what the Buddha said. … “For one who desires high wealth again and again, the astute praise diligence in making merit. Being diligent, an astute person secures both benefits: the benefit in this life, and in lives to come. Attentive, comprehending the meaning, they are said to be astute.”

The Buddha's words ສັງຍຸຕຕະນິກາຍ ມະຫາວາຣະວັຄ ໑໙/໑໘໕-໑໘໖/໗໕໘-໘໒ Practicing Dhamma ສມັຍໜຶ່ງ ພຣະຜູ້ມີພຣະພາຄປະທັບຢູ່ທີ່ນິຄົມຂອງຊາວສຸມະພະ ຊື່ເສທະກະ ໃນສຸມະພະຊົນບົທ ໃນທີ່ນັ້ນແລ ພຣະຜູ້ມີພຣະພາຄຕຣັສກັບພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍວ່າ: ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ເຣື່ອງເຄີຍມີມາແລ້ວ ຄົນຈັນທານຜູ້ເປັນນັກໄຕ່ຮາວ ຍົກໄມ້ໄຜ່ຂຶ້ນຕັ້ງໄວ້ແລ້ວ ໄດ້ຮຽກສິສຊື່ ເມທະກະຖາລິກະມາບອກວ່າ: ເມທະກະຖາລິກະຜູ້ເປັນສະຫາຍ! ມາເຖີດ ທ່ານຈົ່ງຂຶ້ນຮາວໄມ້ໄຜ່ແລ້ວຢືນຢູ່ເທິງຄໍຂອງເຮົາ. ເມທະກະຖາລິກະຜູ້ເປັນສິສຮັບຄຳຂອງນັກໄຕ່ຮາວແລ້ວ ຂຶ້ນຮາວໄມ້ໄຜ່ ຢືນຢູ່ເທິງຄໍຂອງອາຈາຣຍ໌. ຄັ້ງນັ້ນ ຄົນຈັນທານຜູ້ເປັນນັກໄຕ່ຮາວໄດ້ກ່າວກັບເມທະກະຖາລິກະຜູ້ເປັນສິສວ່າ: ເມທະກະຖາລິກະຜູ້ເປັນສະຫາຍ! ທ່ານຈົ່ງຮັກສາເຮົາ ເຮົາຈະຮັກສາທ່ານ ເຮົາທັງສອງຕ່າງຄຸ້ມຄອງກັນແລະກັນ ຕ່າງຮັກສາກັນແລະກັນຢ່າງນີ້ ຈັກສາມາດສະແດງສີລະປະ ຈັກໄດ້ລາພ ແລະຈັກລົງຈາກຮາວໄມ້ໄຜ່ໄດ້ຢ່າງປອດພັຍ. ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ເມື່ອອາຈາຣຍ໌ຂອງເຂົາກ່າວຢ່າງນີ້ແລ້ວ ເມທະກະຖາລິກະຜູ້ເປັນສິສໄດ້ກ່າວຕອບວ່າ: ຂ້າແຕ່ທ່ານອາຈາຣຍ໌! ກໍເຣື່ອງນີ້ຈະເປັນເຊັ່ນນັ້ນໄປບໍ່ໄດ້ ທ່ານອາຈາຣຍ໌ຈົ່ງຮັກສາຕົນ ຂ້ານ້ອຍເອງກໍຈະຮັກສາຕົນ ເຮົາທັງສອງຕ່າງຄຸ້ມຄອງຕົນ ຕ່າງຮັກສາຕົນຢ່າງນີ້ ກໍຈັກສາມາດສະແດງສີລະປະ ຈັກໄດ້ລາພ ແລະຈັກລົງຈາກຮາວໄມ້ໄຜ່ໄດ້ຢ່າງປອດພັຍ. ເຫຕຜົລໃນຂໍ້ນັ້ນເປັນເໝືອນສິສເມທະກະຖາລິກະກ່າວກັບອາຈາຣຍ໌ ສັນນັ້ນ. ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ພວກເຈົ້າທັງຫລາຍຄວນຈະເຣີນສະຕິປັຕຖານ ໔ ດ້ວຍຄິດວ່າ ເຮົາຈັກຮັກສາຜູ້ອື່ນ; ບຸຄຄົລຜູ້ຮັກສາຕົນຍ່ອມຊື່ວ່າຮັກສາຜູ້ອື່ນ; ບຸຄຄົລຜູ້ຮັກສາຜູ້ອື່ນ ຍ່ອມຊື່ວ່າຮັກສາຕົນ. ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ກໍບຸຄຄົລຜູ້ຮັກສາຕົນຍ່ອມຊື່ວ່າຮັກສາຜູ້ອື່ນເປັນຢ່າງໃດ? ຄື ດ້ວຍກາຣຊ້ອງເສພ ດ້ວຍກາຣຈະເຣີນ ດ້ວຍກາຣກະທຳໃຫ້ຫລາຍ (ເຊິ່ງສະຕິປັຕຖານ ໔) . ບຸຄຄົລຜູ້ຮັກສາຕົນຍ່ອມຊື່ວ່າຮັກສາຜູ້ອື່ນເປັນຢ່າງນີ້ແລ. ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ກໍບຸຄຄົລຜູ້ຮັກສາຜູ້ອື່ນຍ່ອມຊື່ວ່າຮັກສາຕົນເປັນຢ່າງໃດ? ຄື ດ້ວຍຄວາມອົດທົນ ດ້ວຍຄວາມບໍ່ພະຍາບາທ ດ້ວຍຄວາມມີຈິຕປະກອບດ້ວຍເມຕຕາ ດ້ວຍຄວາມເອັນດູກະຣຸນາ. ບຸຄຄົລຜູ້ຮັກສາຜູ້ອື່ນຍ່ອມຊື່ວ່າຮັກສາຕົນເປັນຢ່າງນີ້ແລ. ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ພວກເຈົ້າທັງຫລາຍຄວນເສພສະຕິປັຕຖານດ້ວຍກາຣຄິດວ່າ ເຮົາຈັກຮັກສາຕົນ; ຄວນເສພສະຕິປັຕຖານດ້ວຍກາຣຄິດວ່າ ເຮົາຈັກຮັກສາຜູ້ອື່ນ. ບຸຄຄົລຜູ້ຮັກສາຕົນຍ່ອມຊື່ວ່າຮັກສາຜູ້ອື່ນ; ບຸຄຄົລຜູ້ຮັກສາຜູ້ອື່ນຍ່ອມຊື່ວ່າ ຮັກສາຕົນ.

The Buddha's words Bhaddiyasutta Ud 2.10 https://suttacentral.net/ud2.10 SO I HAVE HEARD. At one time the Buddha was staying near Anupiya in a mango grove. Now at that time, Venerable Bhaddiya son of Kāḷīgodhā, even in the wilderness, at the foot of a tree, or in an empty dwelling, frequently expressed this heartfelt sentiment: “Oh, what bliss! Oh, what bliss!” Several bhikkhus heard him and thought, “Without a doubt, Venerable Bhaddiya leads the spiritual life dissatisfied. It’s when recalling the pleasures of royalty he formerly enjoyed as a lay person that, even in the wilderness, at the foot of a tree, or in an empty dwelling, he frequently expresses this heartfelt sentiment: ‘Oh, what bliss! Oh, what bliss!’” Then those bhikkhus went up to the Buddha, bowed, sat down to one side, and told him what was happening. So the Buddha addressed one of the monks, “Please, monk, in my name tell the bhikkhu Bhaddiya that the teacher summons him.” “Yes, sir,” that monk replied. He went to Bhaddiya and said to him, “Reverend Bhaddiya, the teacher summons you.” “Yes, reverend,” Bhaddiya replied. He went to the Buddha, bowed, and sat down to one side. The Buddha said to him: “Is it really true, Bhaddiya, that even in the wilderness, at the foot of a tree, or in an empty dwelling, you frequently express this heartfelt sentiment: ‘Oh, what bliss! Oh, what bliss!’?” “Yes, sir.” “But why do you say this?” “Formerly, as a lay person ruling the land, my guard was well organized within and without the royal compound, within and without the city, and within and without the country. But although I was guarded and defended in this way, I remained fearful, scared, suspicious, and nervous. But these days, even when alone in the wilderness, at the foot of a tree, or in an empty dwelling, I’m not fearful, scared, suspicious, or nervous. I live relaxed, unruffled, surviving on charity, my heart free as a wild deer. It is for this reason that, even in the wilderness, at the foot of a tree, or in an empty dwelling, I frequently expressed this heartfelt sentiment: ‘Oh, what bliss! Oh, what bliss!’” Then, understanding this matter, on that occasion the Buddha expressed this heartfelt sentiment: “They who hide no anger within, gone beyond any kind of existence; happy, free from fear and sorrow— even the gods can’t see them.”

The Buddha's words Aggappasādasutta AN 4.34 https://suttacentral.net/an4.34 “Bhikkhus, there are these four foremost kinds of confidence. What four? “To whatever extent there are beings, whether footless or with two feet, four feet, or many feet, whether having form or formless, whether percipient or non-percipient, or neither percipient nor non-percipient, the Tathāgata, the Arahant, the Perfectly Enlightened One is declared the foremost among them. Those who have confidence in the Buddha have confidence in the foremost, and for those who have confidence in the foremost, the result is foremost. “To whatever extent there are phenomena that are conditioned, the noble eightfold path is declared the foremost among them. Those who have confidence in the noble eightfold path have confidence in the foremost, and for those who have confidence in the foremost, the result is foremost. “To whatever extent there are phenomena conditioned or unconditioned, dispassion is declared the foremost among them, that is, the crushing of pride, the removal of thirst, the uprooting of attachment, the termination of the round, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation, nibbāna. Those who have confidence in the Dhamma have confidence in the foremost, and for those who have confidence in the foremost, the result is foremost. “To whatever extent there are Saṅghas or groups, the Saṅgha of the Tathāgata’s disciples is declared the foremost among them, that is, the four pairs of persons, the eight types of individuals—this Saṅgha of the Blessed One’s disciples is worthy of gifts, worthy of hospitality, worthy of offerings, worthy of reverential salutation, the unsurpassed field of merit for the world. Those who have confidence in the Saṅgha have confidence in the foremost, and for those who have confidence in the foremost, the result is foremost. “These are the four foremost kinds of confidence.” For those confident in regard to the foremost, knowing the foremost Dhamma, confident in the Buddha—the foremost— unsurpassed, worthy of offerings; for those confident in the foremost Dhamma, in the blissful peace of dispassion; for those confident in the foremost Saṅgha, the unsurpassed field of merit; for those giving gifts to the foremost, the foremost kind of merit increases: the foremost life span, beauty, and glory, good reputation, happiness, and strength. The wise one who gives to the foremost, concentrated upon the foremost Dhamma, having become a deva or a human being, rejoices, having attained the foremost.

The Buddha's words Veḷudvāreyyasutta SN 55.7 https://suttacentral.net/sn55.7 Photo by Raphaela Oliveira on Unsplash SO I HAVE HEARD. At one time the Buddha was wandering in the land of the Kosalans together with a large Saṅgha of mendicants when he arrived at a village of the Kosalan brahmins named Bamboo Gate. The brahmins and householders of Bamboo Gate heard: “It seems the ascetic Gotama—a Sakyan, gone forth from a Sakyan family—has arrived at Bamboo Gate, together with a large Saṅgha of mendicants. He has this good reputation: ‘That Blessed One is perfected, a fully awakened Buddha, accomplished in knowledge and conduct, holy, knower of the world, supreme guide for those who wish to train, teacher of gods and humans, awakened, blessed.’ He has realized with his own insight this world—with its gods, Māras and Brahmās, this population with its ascetics and brahmins, gods and humans—and he makes it known to others. He teaches Dhamma that’s good in the beginning, good in the middle, and good in the end, meaningful and well-phrased. And he reveals a spiritual practice that’s entirely full and pure. It’s good to see such perfected ones.” Then the brahmins and householders of Bamboo Gate went up to the Buddha. Before sitting down to one side, some bowed, some exchanged greetings and polite conversation, some held up their joined palms toward the Buddha, some announced their name and clan, while some kept silent. Seated to one side they said to the Buddha: “Master Gotama, these are our wishes, desires, and hopes. We wish to live at home with our children; to use sandalwood imported from Kāsi; to wear garlands, perfumes, and makeup; and to accept gold and money. And when our body breaks up, after death, we wish to be reborn in a good place, a heavenly realm. Given that we have such wishes, may the Buddha teach us the Dhamma so that we may achieve them.” “Householders, I will teach you an explanation of the Dhamma that applies to oneself. Listen and apply your mind well, I will speak.” “Yes, sir,” they replied. The Buddha said this: “And what is the explanation of the Dhamma that applies to oneself? It’s when a noble disciple reflects: ‘I want to live and don’t want to die; I want to be happy and recoil from pain. Since this is so, if someone were to take my life, I wouldn’t like that. But others also want to live and don’t want to die; they want to be happy and recoil from pain. So if I were to take the life of someone else, they wouldn’t like that either. The thing that is disliked by me is also disliked by others. Since I dislike this thing, how can I inflict it on someone else?’ Reflecting in this way, they give up killing living creatures themselves. And they encourage others to give up killing living creatures, praising the giving up of killing living creatures. So their bodily behavior is purified in three points. Furthermore, a noble disciple reflects: ‘If someone were to steal from me, I wouldn’t like that. But if I were to steal from someone else, they wouldn’t like that either. The thing that is disliked by me is also disliked by others. Since I dislike this thing, how can I inflict it on someone else?’ Reflecting in this way, they give up stealing themselves. And they encourage others to give up stealing, praising the giving up of stealing. So their bodily behavior is purified in three points. Furthermore, a noble disciple reflects: ‘If someone were to have sexual relations with my wives, I wouldn’t like it. But if I were to have sexual relations with someone else’s wives, he wouldn’t like that either. The thing that is disliked by me is also disliked by others. Since I dislike this thing, how can I inflict it on others?’ Reflecting in this way, they give up sexual misconduct themselves. And they encourage others to give up sexual misconduct, praising the giving up of sexual misconduct. So their bodily behavior is purified in three points. Furthermore, a noble disciple reflects: ‘If someone were to distort my meaning by lying, I wouldn’t like it. But if I were to distort someone else’s meaning by lying, they wouldn’t like it either. The thing that is disliked by me is also disliked by someone else. Since I dislike this thing, how can I inflict it on others?’ Reflecting in this way, they give up lying themselves. And they encourage others to give up lying, praising the giving up of lying. So their verbal behavior is purified in three points. Furthermore, a noble disciple reflects: ‘If someone were to break me up from my friends by divisive speech, I wouldn’t like it. But if I were to break someone else from their friends by divisive speech, they wouldn’t like it either. …’ So their verbal behavior is purified in three points. Furthermore, a noble disciple reflects: ‘If someone were to attack me with harsh speech, I wouldn’t like it. But if I were to attack someone else with harsh speech, they wouldn’t like it either. …’ So their verbal behavior is purified in three points. Furthermore, a noble disciple reflects: ‘If someone were to annoy me by talking silliness and nonsense, I wouldn’t like it. But if I were to annoy someone else by talking silliness and nonsense, they wouldn’t like it either.’ The thing that is disliked by me is also disliked by another. Since I dislike this thing, how can I inflict it on another?’ Reflecting in this way, they give up talking nonsense themselves. And they encourage others to give up talking nonsense, praising the giving up of talking nonsense. So their verbal behavior is purified in three points. And they have experiential confidence in the Buddha … the teaching … the Saṅgha … And they have the ethical conduct loved by the noble ones … leading to immersion. When a noble disciple has these seven good qualities and these four desirable states they may, if they wish, declare of themselves: ‘I’ve finished with rebirth in hell, the animal realm, and the ghost realm. I’ve finished with all places of loss, bad places, the underworld. I am a stream-enterer! I’m not liable to be reborn in the underworld, and am bound for awakening.’” When he had spoken, the brahmins and householders of Bamboo Gate said to the Buddha, “Excellent, Master Gotama! … We go for refuge to Master Gotama, to the teaching, and to the bhikkhu Saṅgha. From this day forth, may Master Gotama remember us as lay followers who have gone for refuge for life.”

The Buddha's words ອັງຄຸຕຕະຣະນິກາຍ ສັຕຕະກະ-ອັຖກະ-ນະວະກະນິບາຕ ໒໓/໑໒໓-໑໒໕/໙໖ Photo by Francisco Gonzalez on Unsplash ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ໂລກະທັມ ໘ ປະກາຣນີ້ ຍ່ອມໝູນໄປຕາມໂລກ ແລະໂລກກໍໝູນໄປຕາມໂລກະທັມ ໘ ປະກາຣນີ້; ໘ ປະກາຣເປັນຢ່າງໃດ? ຄື: ລາພ, ຄວາມເສື່ອມລາພ, ຍົສ, ຄວາມເສື່ອມຍົສ, ນິນທາ, ສັນລະເສີນ, ສຸຂ, ທຸກຂ໌, ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ໂລກະທັມ ໘ ປະກາຣນີ້ແລ ຍ່ອມໝູນໄປຕາມໂລກ ແລະໂລກກໍໝູນໄປຕາມໂລກະທັມ ໘ປະກາຣນີ້. ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ລາພກໍດີ, ຄວາມເສື່ອມລາພກໍດີ, ຍົສກໍດີ, ຄວາມເສື່ອມຍົສກໍດີ, ນິນທາກໍດີ ສັນລະເສີນກໍດີ, ສຸຂກໍດີ, ທຸກຂ໌ກໍດີ ຍ່ອມເກີດຂຶ້ນກັບປຸຖຸຊົນຜູ້ບໍ່ໄດ້ສະດັບ ແລະຍ່ອມເກີດຂຶ້ນກັບອະຣິຍະສາວົກຜູ້ໄດ້ສະດັບ. ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ອັນໃດເປັນຄວາມຜິດແປກແຕກຕ່າງກັນລະຫວ່າງອະຣິຍະສາວົກຜູ້ໄດ້ສະດັບກັບປຸຖຸຊົນຜູ້ບໍ່ໄດ້ສະດັບ? ຂ້າແຕ່ພຣະອົງຄ໌ຜູ້ຈະເຣີນ! ທັມຂອງພວກຂ້ານ້ອຍທັງຫລາຍມີພຣະຜູ້ມີພຣະພາຄເປັນມູລ ມີພຣະຜູ້ມີພຣະພາຄເປັນຜູ້ນຳ ມີພຣະຜູ້ມີພຣະພາຄເປັນທີ່ເພິ່ງອາສັຍ; ຂ້າແຕ່ພຣະອົງຄ໌ຜູ້ຈະເຣີນ ຂໍປະທານໂອກາສ ຂໍເນື້ອຄວາມແຫ່ງພາສິຕນີ້ຈົ່ງແຈ່ມແຈ້ງກັບພຣະຜູ້ມີພຣະພາຄເຖີດ ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍໄດ້ສະດັບຕໍ່ພຣະຜູ້ມີພຣະພາຄແລ້ວ ຈັກຊົງຈຳໄວ້. ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ຖ້າຢ່າງນັ້ນ ພວກເຈົ້າທັງຫລາຍຈົ່ງຟັງ ຈົ່ງໃສ່ໃຈໃຫ້ດີ ເຮົາຈັກກ່າວ. ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ລາພທີ່ເກີດຂຶ້ນກັບປຸຖຸຊົນຜູ້ບໍ່ໄດ້ສະດັບ ເຂົາຍ່ອມບໍ່ຮູ້ຊັດຕາມຄວາມເປັນຈິງວ່າ ລາພນີ້ເກີດຂຶ້ນແລ້ວແກ່ເຮົາ ແຕ່ວ່າລາພນັ້ນເປັນຂອງບໍ່ທ່ຽງ ເປັນທຸກຂ໌ ມີຄວາມປ່ຽນແປງເປັນທັມມະດາ, ຄວາມເສື່ອມລາພ... ຍົສ... ຄວາມເສື່ອມຍົສ... ນິນທາ... ສັນລະເສີນ... ສຸຂ... ທຸກຂ໌ທີ່ເກີດຂຶ້ນກັບປຸຖຸຊົນຜູ້ບໍ່ໄດ້ສະດັບ ເຂົາຍ່ອມບໍ່ຮູ້ຊັດຕາມຄວາມເປັນຈິງວ່າ ທຸກຂ໌ນີ້ເກີດຂຶ້ນແລ້ວແກ່ເຮົາ ແຕ່ວ່າທຸກຂ໌ນັ້ນເປັນຂອງບໍ່ທ່ຽງ ເປັນທຸກຂ໌ ມີຄວາມປ່ຽນແປງເປັນທັມມະດາ ລາພຈຶ່ງຄອບງຳຈິຕຂອງເຂົາໄດ້ ຄວາມເສື່ອມລາພ... ຍົສ... ຄວາມເສື່ອມຍົສ... ນິນທາ...ສັນລະເສີນ... ສຸຂ... ທຸກຂ໌ ຈຶ່ງຄອບງຳຈິຕຂອງເຂົາໄດ້ ເຂົາຍ່ອມຍິນດີໃນລາພທີ່ເກີດຂຶ້ນ, ຍ່ອມຍິນຮ້າຍໃນຄວາມເສື່ອມລາພ; ຍ່ອມຍິນດີໃນຍົສທີ່ເກີດຂຶ້ນ ຍ່ອມຍິນຮ້າຍໃນຄວາມເສື່ອມຍົສ; ຍ່ອມຍິນດີໃນສັນລະເສີນທີ່ເກີດຂຶ້ນ ຍ່ອມຍິນຮ້າຍໃນນິນທາ; ຍ່ອມຍິນດີໃນສຸຂທີ່ເກີດຂຶ້ນ ຍ່ອມຍິນຮ້າຍໃນທຸກຂ໌; ເຂົາປະກອບດ້ວຍຄວາມຍິນດີຍິນຮ້າຍຢູ່ຢ່າງນີ້ ຍ່ອມບໍ່ພົ້ນໄປຈາກຊາຕ ຊະຣາ ມະຣະນະ ໂສກະ ປະຣິເທວະ ທຸກຂ໌ ໂທມະນັສ ແລະອຸປາຍາສະ ເຮົາກ່າວວ່າ: ຍ່ອມບໍ່ພົ້ນໄປຈາກທຸກຂ໌ໄດ້. ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ລາພຍ່ອມເກີດຂຶ້ນກັບອະຣິຍະສາວົກຜູ້ໄດ້ສະດັບ ອະຣິຍະສາວົກນັ້ນຍ່ອມຮູ້ຊັດຕາມຄວາມເປັນຈິງວ່າ ລາພເກີດຂຶ້ນແລ້ວແກ່ເຮົາ ກໍແຕ່ວ່າລາພນັ້ນບໍ່ທ່ຽງ ເປັນທຸກຂ໌ ມີຄວາມປ່ຽນແປງເປັນທັມມະດາ , ຄວາມເສື່ອມລາພ... ຍົສ... ຄວາມເສື່ອມຍົສ... ນິນທາ... ສັນລະເສີນ... ສຸຂ... ທຸກຂ໌ ຍ່ອມເກີດຂຶ້ນກັບອະຣິຍະສາວົກຜູ້ໄດ້ສະດັບ ອະຣິຍະສາວົກນັ້ນ ຍ່ອມຮູ້ຊັດຕາມຄວາມເປັນຈິງວ່າ ທຸກຂ໌ເກີດຂຶ້ນແລ້ວແກ່ເຮົາ ກໍແຕ່ວ່າ ທຸກຂ໌ນັ້ນບໍ່ທ່ຽງ ເປັນທຸກຂ໌ ມີຄວາມປ່ຽນແປງເປັນທັມມະດາ ລາພຈຶ່ງຄອບງໍາຈິຕຂອງເຂົາບໍ່ໄດ້, ຄວາມເສື່ອມລາພ... ຍົສ... ຄວາມເສື່ອມຍົສ... ນິນທາ... ສັນລະເສີນ... ສຸຂ... ທຸກຂ໌ຈຶ່ງຄອບງຳຈິຕຂອງເຂົາບໍ່ໄດ້ ເຂົາຍ່ອມບໍ່ຍິນດີໃນລາພທີ່ເກີດຂຶ້ນ ຍ່ອມບໍ່ຍິນຮ້າຍໃນຄວາມເສື່ອມລາພ; ຍ່ອມບໍ່ຍິນດີໃນຍົົສທີ່ເກີດຂຶ້ນ ຍ່ອມບໍ່ຍິນຮ້າຍໃນຄວາມເສື່ອມຍົສ; ຍ່ອມບໍ່ຍິນດີໃນສັນລະເສີນທີ່ເກີດຂຶ້ນ ຍ່ອມບໍ່ຍິນຮ້າຍໃນນິນທາ; ຍ່ອມບໍ່ຍິນດີໃນສຸຂທີ່ເກີດຂຶ້ນ ຍ່ອມບໍ່ຍິນຮ້າຍໃນທຸກຂ໌; ເຂົາລະຄວາມຍິນດີຍິນຮ້າຍໄດ້ເດັດຂາດແລ້ວຢ່າງນີ້ ຍ່ອມພົ້ນໄປຈາກຊາຕ ຊະຣາ ມະຣະນະ ໂສກະ ປະຣິເທວະ ທຸກຂ໌ ໂທມະນັສ ແລະອຸປາຍາສະ ເຮົາກ່າວວ່າ: ຍ່ອມພົ້ນໄປຈາກທຸກຂ໌ໄດ້. ພິກຂຸທັງຫລາຍ! ນີ້ແລ ເປັນຄວາມຜິດແປກແຕກຕ່າງກັນລະຫວ່າງອະຣິຍະສາວົກຜູ້ໄດ້ສະດັບກັບປຸຖຸຊົນຜູ້ບໍ່ໄດ້ສະດັບ.

The Buddha's Words Anubuddhasutta AN 4.1 https://suttacentral.net/an4.1 THIS IS WHAT I HEARD—Once, the Blessed One was dwelling among the Vajjis in Bhaṇḍa Village. There the Blessed One addressed the monks: “Monks.” Those monks responded to the Blessed One saying, “Venerable.” The Blessed One said this: Monks, it is because of not knowing and not comprehending four things that you and I have roamed around and transmigrated like this for so long. What four? Monks, it is because of not knowing and not comprehending noble moral integrity that you and I have roamed around and transmigrated for so long in this way. Monks, it is because of not knowing and not comprehending noble collectedness that you and I have roamed around and transmigrated like this for so long. Monks, it is because of not knowing and not comprehending noble discernment that you and I have roamed around and transmigrated like this for so long. Monks, it is because of not knowing and not comprehending noble freedom that you and I have roamed around and transmigrated like this for so long. Monks, this noble moral integrity has been known and comprehended. This noble collectedness has been known and comprehended. This noble discernment has been known and comprehended. This noble freedom has been known and comprehended. Craving for becoming is shattered. The nexus of becoming is destroyed. Now, there is no further rebirth. That is what the Blessed One said. Having spoken thus, the Well Gone One, the Teacher followed up saying: “Moral integrity, collectedness, discernment, And unsurpassed freedom; These mindstates are known by the esteemed Gotama. Having fully known these things, the Buddha Proclaimed the Teaching to the monks; The Teacher who put an end to suffering, Possessing vision, has attained Nibbāna.”